PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF TANNING LAMPS
Array
Keywords:
photobiological safety, UV irradiation, pigmentation, tanning, solarium.Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation in artificial sunbeds creates a risk of developing skin melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma at any age. The risk of developing cancer is higher among young people. Cancer, sunburns, accelerated aging of the skin are associated with the use of sunbeds. UVА radiation, which predominates in most tanning salons, deeper penetrates the skin than UVB, and causes photo aging.
UVB and UVA damage the DNA, and therefore the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) classifies the entire spectrum of UV radiation as carcinogenic to humans. Tanning does not reduce the risk of sunburn and does not significantly protect against damage to DNA caused by solar radiation. It is also necessary to take into account the harmful effects of UV radiation on the retina of the organ of vision. Artificial tanning causes DNA damage in skin cells, even at low doses of UV radiation.
The purpose of this work was to study the photobiological safety of lamps for tanning salons and to determine the risk group of their radiation in accordance with DSTU EN 62471: 2017. As a research object, sun-tanning lamps of the type Bermuda gold of extreme power SR 80W and ultraviolet lamps of type LUF 65/80-2 were taken.
Measurement of spectral energy illumination, calculations of total actinic energy illumination in the range of wavelengths of 200-400 nm and power lighting in the range of UVA (320-400 nm) were performed using an optical test system OST-300. The test system contains a spectrometer radiometer for measuring spectral energy illumination in the range of wavelengths of 200-400 nm, software for calculating total actinic energy illumination and energy of illumination in separate spectral ranges.
It has been shown that the levels of radiation produced by artificial light bulbs with low pressure gas discharge lamps in the UVA range are much higher than natural radiation. UV irradiation produced by the SR80W lamp at a distance of 0.25 m is related to the average risk group (GR2) and LUF65/80-2 to low risk (GR1). Recommendations for safe exposure doses when using sunbeds are provided.
References
Lerche, С.M., Philipsen, Р.А. and Wulf, H.C. (2017). UVR: sun, lamps, pigmentation and vitamin D. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, l(16), 291–301.
Gavrilkina, G.N., Il'ina, E.I., Sarychev, G.S. (2015). Again about preventive UV irradiation in order to eliminate the "solar starvation". Lighting, 2, 45–47.
Eysteinsdottir, J. H., Olafsson, J. H., Agnarsson, B. A., Luethviksson, B. R., Sigurgeirsson, B. (2014). Psoriasis treatment: faster and long–standing results after bathing in geothermal seawater. A randomized trial of three UVB phototherapy regimens. Photodermatol., Photoimmunol. Photomed., 30, 25–34.
Almutawa Fahad, Thalib Lukman, Hekman Daniel, Sun Qing, Hamzavi Iltefat, Lim Henry W. (2015). Efficacy of localized phototherapy and photodynamic therapy for psoriasis: a systematic review and meta–analysis. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 31(1), 5–14.
Ananthaswany, H. N. (1997). Ultraviolet light as a carcinogen. Chemical Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens. Oxford, 12, 255–279.
Artificial tanning devices: public health interventions to manage sunbeds. Geneva: World Health Organization (2017). Licence: CC BY–NC–SA 3.0 IGO.
Jansen, M.A.K., Gaba, V., Greenberg, B.M. (1998). Higher plants and UV–B radiation: balancing damage? Repair and acclimation. Trends Plant. Sci., 3, 131–135.
Semenov, A.O., Kozhushko, G.M., Sakhno, T.V. (2017). Analysis of the role of UV–UV on development and productivity of productive crops. Lighting Engineering & Power Engineering" (LEPE), 2, 3–16.
Rochette, P.J., Therrien, J.P., Drouin, R., Perdiz, D., Bastien, N., Drobetsky, E.A., Sage, E. (2003). UVA–induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers form predominantly at thymine–thymine dipyrimidines and correlate with the mutation spectrum in rodent cells. Nucl. Acids Res., 31, 2786–2794.
Sinha, R. P., Hader, D.–P. (2002). UV–induced damage and repair: a review. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2002, 1, 225–236.
Boniol, M., Autier, P., Boyle, P., Gandini, S. (2012). Cutaneous melanoma attributable to sunbed use: systematic review and meta–analysis. British medical journal., 345, e4757.
Colantonio, S., Bracken, M.B., Beecker, J. (2014). The association of indoor tanning and melanoma in adults: systematic review and meta–analysis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 70(5), 847–857.
Ghiasvand, R., Rueegg, C.S., Weiderpass, E., Green, A.C., Lund, E., Veierød, M.B. (2017). Indoor tanning and melanoma risk: long–term evidence from a prospective population–based cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol., 185(3), 147–156.
Radiation. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. A Review of Human Carcinogens (2012) Lyon: International Agency of Research on Cancer, 100 D.
Behar–Cohen Francine, Baillet Gilles, de Ayguavives Tito, Garcia Paula Ortega, Krutmann Jean, Peña–García Pablo, Reme Charlotte, Wolffsohn James S (2014). Ultraviolet damage to the eye revisited: eye–sun protection factor (E–SPF®), a new ultraviolet protection label for eyewear. Clin. Ophthalmol., 8, 87–104.
Volkov, V.V., Kharitonova, N.N., Maltsev, D.S.(2014). On photochemical lesion of the retina by radiation of lamps for artificial tanning. Bulletin of Ophthalmonology., 1, 63–72.
DSTU EN 60335–2–27: 2014 Household and similar electrical appliances – Safety –– Part 2–27: Particular requirements for appliances for skin exposure to ultraviolet and infrared radiation (EN 60335–2–27: 2013, ІDT).
DSTU IEC 61228: 2009. Fluorescent ultraviolet lamps used for tanning. Measurement and specification method (IEC 61228:2008, IDT)
Nilsen, L.T.N, Hannevik, M., Veierød, M.B. (2016). UV exposure from indoor tanning devices: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol., 174, 730–740.
Sola, Y., Baeza, D., Gómez, M., Lorente, J. (2026). Ultraviolet spectral distribution and erythema–weighted irradiance from indoor tanning devices compared with solar radiation exposures. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B., 161, 450–455.
Tierney, P., Ferguson, J., Ibbotson, S., Dawe, R., Eadie, E., Moseley, H. (2013). Nine out of 10 sunbeds in England emit ultraviolet radiation levels that exceed current safety limits. Br. J. Dermatol., 168(3), 602–608.
Joint market surveillance action on sunbeds and solarium services – Part 2. Brussels: Prosafe: Product Safety Enforcement Forum of Europe. (2012). Retrieved from (http://www.prosafe.org/library/knowledgebase/item/sunbeds–solarium–services–final–report–ii, accessed 15 May 2017).
DSTU EN 62471:2017. Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems (IEC 62471:2006 (CIE S 009: 2002), IDT).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The authors who publish in this collection agree with the following terms:
• The authors reserve the right to authorship of their work and give the magazine the right to first publish this work under the terms of license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (with the Designation of Authorship - Non-Commercial - Without Derivatives 4.0 International), which allows others to freely distribute the published work with a mandatory reference to the authors of the original work and the first publication of the work in this magazine.
• Authors have the right to make independent extra-exclusive work agreements in the form in which they were published by this magazine (for example, posting work in an electronic repository of an institution or publishing as part of a monograph), provided that the link to the first publication of the work in this journal is maintained. .
• Journal policy allows and encourages the publication of manuscripts on the Internet (for example, in institutions' repositories or on personal websites), both before the publication of this manuscript and during its editorial work, as it contributes to the emergence of productive scientific discussion and positively affects the efficiency and dynamics of the citation of the published work (see The Effect of Open Access).
