PECULIARITIES OF MIGRATION FLOWS FORMATION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LABOUR MAR-KET RESTRUCTURING

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Abstract

The article explores the phenomenon of labour migration as a social phenomenon of the 21st century, provoked by changes in the profile of employers and employees. On the one hand, innovative forms of work organization are being introduced at the enterprises of innovative industries that support the lifestyle of a "global person", characterized by high mobility and the desire for change of impressions. On the other hand, if, in the last century, rich countries were transporting environmentally harmful production abroad and had mainly a need for unskilled labour; now transnationalization has reached both high-tech industries and services. In most middle-income and developing countries, national legislation is not yet adapted to the current diversity of labour relations, and workers are often socially disadvantaged, despite wage rates being too high compared to the domestic market. The analysis of statistics on inbound and outbound flows by macro-regions of the world reveals the following trends: out of 258 million migrants in the world, 64% are labour migrants. The largest aggregate share of migrants is in three macro-regions: North America; Northern, Southern and Western Europe and the Arab world. On average, the labour market participation of migrants in developed countries is higher than that of the local population, while in poor countries it is higher. In absolute terms, the largest number of migrants was received by the leading European countries, which indicates that there are established migration flows in the geographical dimension, which are more likely to persist. Migrant labour activity also depends on age groups. There is still no single approach to determining labour migration, especially for statistical surveys. The most common interpretations are those offered by the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and the United Nations Statistics Division. The uncertainty of the categorical apparatus leads to errors in the statistical calculations of the number of labour migrants, so each country develops its own methods based on the peculiarities of the national labour market formation. True estimates of the employment structure will enable to implement an effective state policy for regulating the number of jobs, so the massive uncontrolled flow of migrants adds to the rise in unemployment and social tension in society, widening the informal and shadow sectors of its economy. The world volume of private remittances of labour migrants is steadily increasing, reaching $ 529 billion in 2018. Cash transfers are now the largest source of currency income in middle- and low-income countries, often exceeding revenues from other industries and international cooperation programs. According to the World Bank data, Ukraine is in the top twenty countries in terms of remittances sent by migrant workers. Private money transfers thus partially balance the deficit in export-import transactions. A positive consequence of global labour migration has also been the increase in the number of international students in different countries. Local universities, which have already started to lack students from among the citizens of the country, have received additional revenues due to the export of educational services, and the regions where major educational institutions are located – the development of related infrastructure. However, Ukraine has a range of problems with migration legislation, such as the ban on formal employment of foreign students. The emigration of highly qualified specialists and young people is an urgent challenge, especially since they do not return to Ukraine after receiving their education abroad. The loss of such categories of workers by Ukraine has a negative impact on the workforce structure the and may hinder economic growth. Therefore, the Strategy for the State Migration Policy of Ukraine until 2025 identifies one of the main priorities a complex of measures for calculating the numbers of labour migrants and simplifying formal procedures in the process of their return.